Atmospheric evaporative demand and water deficit on the ecophysiology of Rubber seedlings

The search for genetic materials resistant to adverse weather conditions has been a major focus in studies on species of economic interest. The objective of the present study was to assess the growth and photosynthesis of rubber seedlings clones under two conditions of atmospheric evaporative demand, characterized by fluctuations in temperature (TEMP) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), associated to two water regimens. Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg (RRIM 600 and FX 3864) clones were assessed in two microclimates, at low (TEMP 21.2 ºC and VPD 0.29 Kpa) and high (TEMP 26.9 ºC and VPD 1.49 Kpa) atmospheric evaporative demand, under two water regimens: water deficit and well-watered. Water deficit 50% water availability was sufficient to reduce the net CO2 assimilation rate, leaf area and total chlorophyll of the clones studied that impacted growth in both microclimates. The effects of water deficit on growth and net carbon assimilation rate were intensified under high atmospheric evaporative demand. However, when comparing the two clones studied, RRIM 600 showed greater growth and photosynthesis without water restriction. The FX 3864 clone, despite the high CO2 assimilation values under high atmospheric demand and without water restriction, showed a reduced growth. The results of this study form an important basis for the selection of genotypes with the potential to develop in adverse climatic conditions. In this sense, the RRIM 600 genotype is recommended as a promising material that would best adapt under adverse climatic conditions.

Scenario-modelling for the sustainable management of non-timber forest products in tropical ecosystems / Modelagem de cenários para o manejo sustentável de produtos florestais não-madeireiros em ecossistemas tropicais

Abstract Ecosystems degradation, and consequently biodiversity loss, has severe impacts on people around the world. The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is one of the international initiatives that have emerged to inform policy makers and aid decisions to prevent further global biodiversity loss, focusing on the interdependence between natural systems and human culture. IPBES promotes the use of scenarios and modelling approaches as a fundamental tool to advance the understanding of the relationships between drivers of change, Nature's Contributions to People (NCP), and social systems. Local-scale case studies with a system approach demonstrating how current knowledge can be used to inform decision-making are still scarce. Here, we present a comprehensive conceptual model and a series of four scenarios under different policies for shea tree species management, as a case-study of applying systems thinking and the NCP concept to a local-scale socio-ecological system. We first characterized the central processes, NCP, drivers and pressures affecting the shea tree system, to investigate the impacts of the multiple uses of the shea tree species on the system as a whole. We then described potential policy options, developed four scenarios, and evaluated them by a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN). We predicted qualitative outcomes of the proposed scenarios: Business-as-usual (BAU), "Conservation and fair trade", "Agroforestry and fair trade" and "Industrial development". We found that the scenarios focussing on conservation, fair trade and agroforestry, can improve the conservation status of shea trees, and enhance wellbeing in the local communities. In this case study, we demonstrate that the development of a comprehensive conceptual model at a local scale can be a useful exercise to identify opportunities for effective policy strategies and social innovation. The shea tree case study can provide an example for modelling non-timber forest products in other regions around the world that face similar drivers and pressures. Species for which this model could be adapted include Central and South American species such as the Brazilian nut (Bertholletia excelsa), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), andiroba (Carapa guianensis), açai (Euterpe oleracea) and the wax palm (Ceroxylon quindiuense). The model and workflow applied here may thus be used to understand similar socio-ecological systems with local and international economic value across the Neotropical region.

Resumo A degradação dos ecossistemas e sua consequente perda de biodiversidade apresentam graves impactos sobre as pessoas em todo o mundo. A Plataforma Intergovernamental de Biodiversidade e Serviços Ecossistêmicos (IPBES) é uma das iniciativas internacionais que surgiram para informar tomadores de decisão e o desenvolvimento de políticas para evitar mais perdas globais de biodiversidade, com foco na interdependência entre sistemas naturais e a cultura humana. O IPBES promove o uso de cenários futuros e abordagens de modelagem como uma ferramenta fundamental para avançar no entendimento das relações entre fatores motivadores de mudança (vetores), as Contribuições da Natureza para as Pessoas (NCP) e sistemas sociais. Estudos de caso em escala local com uma abordagem de sistemas mostrando como o conhecimento atual pode ser usado para informar a tomada de decisão ainda são poucos. Neste trabalho, apresentamos um modelo conceitual abrangente e um conjunto de quatro cenários sob diferentes políticas para o manejo da árvore de karité, como estudo de caso para a aplicação de uma abordagem de sistemas e do conceito de NCP em um sistema socioecológico em escala local. Primeiro nós caracterizamos os processos centrais, os NCP, e os vetores e pressões que afetam o sistema da árvore de karité, para então, investigar os impactos dos múltiplos usos da espécie no sistema como um todo. Em seguida, descrevemos opções de políticas possíveis, a partir das quais desenvolvemos quatro cenários e os avaliamos por Redes Bayesianas baseadas em Crenças (BBN). Nós avaliamos os resultados qualitativos dos quatro cenários de manejo propostos: "business-as-usual" (BAU), "Conservação e Fair Trade", "Agrofloresta e Fair Trade", e "Desenvolvimento Agroindustrial". Verificamos que os cenários que incluíam medidas de conservação e comércio justo, assim como o que previa práticas agroflorestais indicaram potenciais melhorias no status de conservação das árvores de karité e aprimoramento do bem-estar das comunidades locais. Neste estudo de caso, demonstramos que o desenvolvimento de um modelo conceitual mais completo na escala local pode ser útil na identificação de oportunidades para a proposição de estratégias políticas efetivas e inovação social. O estudo de caso da árvore de karité pode fornecer um exemplo de modelagem de produtos florestais não-madeireiros para outras regiões do mundo que enfrentam vetores de mudança e pressões semelhantes. As espécies para as quais esse modelo pode ser adaptado incluem espécies da América Central e do Sul, como a castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa), cacau (Theobroma cacao), andiroba (Carapa guianensis), açaí (Euterpe oleracea) e a palma da cera (Ceroxylon quindiuense). O modelo e a proposta de trabalho aplicados aqui podem, portanto, ser usados para entender sistemas socio-ecológicos semelhantes com espécies de valor econômico local e internacional em toda a região neotropical.

Desempeño de bancos forrajeros de Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze, en suelos degradados en el departamento de Casanare / Performance of the Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze Forage Banks in Degraded Soils in the Casanare Province / Desempenho de bancos de forragem de Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze, em solos degradados no departamento de Casanare

Resumen Las épocas de sequía o lluvias extremas afectan la eficiencia en los sistemas ganaderos, los cuales basan la producción de forrajes en el monocultivo de gramíneas, estas son más vulnerables a las condiciones climáticas extremas, lo que hace necesario buscar alternativas de plantas más resistentes a estas condiciones. Se determinó el desempeño de Cratylia argentea en bancos forrajeros, establecidos en suelos degradados con alto uso de agroquímicos, bajo condiciones de bosque húmedo tropical. El estudio se realizó durante un año y se estableció en la finca Matapantano, ubicada en Yopal, Casanare (Colombia), se determinó el efecto sobre las propiedades físico-químicas y macrofauna del suelo, producción de forraje verde y materia seca, relación hoja-tallo, calidad nutricional de la planta completa y fracciones (hoja-tallo). Se utilizó un diseño al azar y el software Infostat® para estadística descriptiva y análisis de varianza no paramétrica. Se presentaron incrementos en los contenidos de minerales, materia orgánica, carbono orgánico y macrofauna del suelo, se encontraron diferencias en producción de materia seca de las fracciones de la planta (p < 0.0001), en la producción de materia seca entre cortes (p < 0.0001) y en la relación hoja-tallo (p < 0.0001), el forraje presentó buena calidad nutricional, siendo las hojas la fracción de mejor calidad, C. argentea resistió los cambios drásticos en las condiciones climáticas. Se concluye que esta especie, presenta potencial para la recuperación de suelos degradados con intenso uso de agroquímicos, puesto que produce forraje de buena calidad para la suplementación animal en sistemas ganaderos, aun en épocas de sequía.

Abstract Extreme drought or rainy seasons affect the efficiency in the stockbreeding systems whose forage production is based on the grass monoculture. These species are more vulnerable to the extreme climate conditions, which requires looking for alternative plants with higher resistance to these conditions. This work studied the Cratylia argentea performance in forage banks used in degraded soils with high amounts of agrochemicals in areas of tropical rainforest. The study took one year and was conducted in the estate Matapantano, located in Yopal, Casanare (Colombia). The effect on the physical-chemical properties and macrofauna in this soil, the green forage and dry mass production, the leaf-stalk relationship, the nutritional quality of both fractions (leaf-stalk) and the whole plant were studied. A random design and the software Infostat® were used for the descriptive statistics and the non-parametric variance analysis. The soil showed increases in the contents of minerals, organic mass, organic carbon and macrofauna. Differences were observed in the dry mass production from the plant fractions (p < 0.0001), in the dry mass production between cuts (p < 0.0001) and in the leaf-stalk relationship (p < 0.0001). The forage showed a good nutritional quality and the leaves were the fraction with best quality. C. argentea resisted the extreme changes in the climate conditions. It is concluded that the studied species has a good potential for the recovery of degraded soils with intense use of agrochemicals as it produced good quality forage to feed animals in stockbreeding systems, even in the drought season.

Resumo As secas ou chuvas extremas afetam a eficiência dos sistemas pecuários, os quais baseiam a produção de forragem na monocultura de gramíneas, são mais vulneráveis às condições climáticas extremas, o que faz necessário procurar alternativas de plantas mais resistentes a essas condições. O desempenho de Cratylia argentea foi determinado em bancos de forragem estabelecidos em solos degradados com alto uso de agroquímicos, em condições de floresta húmida tropical. O estudo foi realizado por um ano na finca Matapantano, localizada em Yopal, Casanare (Colômbia). Determinou-se o efeito nas propriedades físico-químicas e macrofauna do solo, produção de forragem verde e matéria seca, relação folha/ caule, qualidade nutricional da planta completa e frações (folha/caule). Utilizou-se delineação aleatória e software Infostat® para estatística descritiva e análise de variância não paramétrica. Houve acréscimos nos teores de minerais, matéria orgânica, carbono orgânico e macrofauna do solo, encontraram-se diferenças na produção de matéria seca das frações da planta (p < 0.0001), na produção de matéria seca entre os cortes (p < 0.0001) e na relação folha-caule (p < 0.0001), a forragem apresentou boa qualidade nutricional, sendo as folhas a fracção de melhor qualidade, C. argentea resistiu às mudanças drásticas nas condições climáticas. Conclui-se que esta espécie apresenta potencial para a recuperação de solos degradados com intenso uso de agroquímicos, uma vez que produz forragem de boa qualidade para a suplementação animal em sistemas pecuários mesmo em épocas de seca.

Nutritional supplementation required by native Cerrado species development, in nursery / Exigência de suplementação nutricional no desenvolvimento de espécies nativas do Cerrado, em viveiro

The ecological restoration of Cerrado ecosystems involves challenges pertinent to the fertilization of the substrate for seedlings in nursery, which are often produced by a single type of substrate. However, habitat heterogeneity suggests that the species may have different nutritional requirements. The objective was to assess the effect of substrate fertilization and nutritional supplementation by leaf in developing seedlings of Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. Eugenia dysenterica (Mart.) and DC Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos. The experiment was implemented in a 3x3 factorial completely randomized design (three types of substrates x three levels of foliar fertilization), with ten replicates. The treatments were tested by analysis of variance. For K. coriacea and H. impetiginosus, it is recommended to use a substrate composed of Soil + Manure (2:1), for E. dysenterica, it is recommended to use the complete substrate. Foliar fertilization is not recommended for all species. Regarding the soil analysis, organic matter, phosphorus and calcium were determinants in the formation of fertility groups for each of the major components of the Principal Component Analysis.

A restauração ecológica dos ecossistemas do Cerrado envolve desafios pertinentes à fertilização do substrato para mudas em viveiro, sendo muitas vezes produzidas por um único tipo de substrado. A heterogeneidade de habitats, porém, indica que as espécies podem ter exigências nutricionais distintas. Objetivou-se, portanto, avaliar o efeito da fertilização do substrato e da suplementação nutricional via folha no desenvolvimento de mudas de Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc., de Eugenia dysenterica (Mart.) DC e de Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos. O experimento foi implantado com a utilização de delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (três tipos de substratos x três níveis de adubação foliar), com dez repetições. Os tratamentos foram submetidos a análise de variância. Para as espécies K. coriacea e H. impetiginosus recomenda-se utilizar substrato composto por Solo + Manure (2:1); já para a E. dysenterica, recomenda-se utilizar o substrato Completo, não se recomendando realizar a adubação foliar para todas as espécies. Em relação à análise do solo, a matéria orgânica, o fósforo e o cálcio foram determinantes na formação dos grupos de fertilidade para cada um dos principais componentes da Análise de Componentes Principais.

Elección diferencial de frutos en dos especies simpátricas de monos y murciélagos frugívoros en el sureste de México / Differential fruit choice in two simpatric monkey species and frugivorous bats in southern mexico

ABSTRACT In order to identify the role played by plant species as a food source in the fruit election of dispersing agents (Alouatta pigra Lawrence 1933, Atelesgeoffroyi Kuhl 1820 and frugivorous bats), we developed a study in dry tropical forests in Yucatan, Mexico. We recorded the fruits consumed by frugivorous bats using collectors and, for monkeys, we implemented the focal animal method. The number of fruits consumed by primates (A. pigra and A. geoffroyi) and bats were recorded, 342 and 386, respectively. It was determined that bats deposited fruits with some percentage of pulp, while monkeys contributed more with a fruits without pulp (pairwise LSD contrast p < 0.05). Among the variety of fruit species in the diet of primates, we detected that A. pigra chose mostly not an abundant species such as Enterolobium cyclocarpum Jacq. Griseb. (1860) instead of those more abundant (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (1953) and Brosimum alicastrum Sw. subsp. alicastrum C.C. Berg (1972)). The type of fruit and seed handling caused by primates would be more beneficial to seed germination than those applied by bats. Moreover, this election and fruit handling could depend on the characteristics of fruits and space-temporal availability of plant species as a food source.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de examinar el papel que juegan las especies vegetales como fuentes alimenticias en la selección de frutos de agentes dispersores (Alouatta pigra, Ateles geoffroyi y murciélagos frugívoros), se realizó un estudio en selvas secas en el sureste de Yucatán, México. Se registraron los frutos consumidos por murciélagos usando colectores y, en el caso de los monos, se implementó el método de animal focal. El número de frutos consumidos registrados para ambas especies de primates y murciélagos fueron 342 y 386, respectivamente. Se determinó que los murciélagos depositaron frutos con pequeñas cantidades de pulpa, mientras que los monos contribuyeron mayormente con frutos totalmente despulpados (contrastes por pares LSD p < 0.05). Entre la variedad de especies de frutos en la dieta de los primates se detectó que A. pigra eligió frutos de las especies menos abundantes como Enterolobium cyclocarpum Jacq. Griseb. (1860) en vez de aquellas más abundantes (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (1953) y Brosimum alicastrum Sw. subsp. alicastrum C.C. Berg (1972)). El tipo de manejo de frutos y semillas causado por los primates sería más beneficioso para la germinación de las semillas que los aplicados por los murciélagos. Además, esta elección y manejo del fruto podría depender de sus características y la disponibilidad espacio-temporal de las especies de plantas como fuente de alimento.

Carbon and nutrient stocks of three Fabaceae trees used for forest restoration and subjected to fertilization in Amazonia

ABSTRACT Amazonia is crucial to global carbon cycle. Deforestation continues to be one of the main causes of the release of C into the atmosphere, but forest restoration plantations can reverse this scenario. However, there is still diffuse information about the C and nutrient stocks in the vegetation biomass. We investigated the carbon and nutrient stocks of Fabaceae trees (Inga edulis, Schizolobium amazonicum and Dipteryx odorata) subjected to fertilization treatments (T1 - no fertilization; T2 - chemical; T3 - organic; and T4 - organic and chemical fertilization) in a degraded area of the Balbina Hydroelectric Dam, AM - Brazil. As an early successional species, I. edulis stocked more C and nutrients than the other two species independent of the fertilization treatment, and S. amazonicum stocked more C than D. odorata under T1 and T4. The mixed species plantation had the potential to stock 4.1 Mg C ha-1 year-1, while I. edulis alone could stock 9.4 Mg C ha-1 year-1. Mixing species that rapidly assimilate C and are of significant ecological and commercial value (e.g., Fabaceae trees) represents a good way to restore degraded areas. Our results suggest that the tested species be used for forest restoration in Amazonia.

Biomass allocation and gas exchange are affected by light conditions in endangered Cedrela salvadorensis (Meliaceae) seedlings / Asignación de biomasa e intercambio de gases son afectados por las condiciones de luz en plántulas de Cedrela salvadorensis (Meliaceae) en peligro de extinción

Abstract:The determination of favorable light habitat conditions per species and life stage is transcendental, for both ex situ and in situ conservation strategies of endangered forest tree species, and for their utilization as plantation trees. This becomes especially important when planting material is scarce. We studied the multivariate responses in biomass allocation and in gas exchange to light and to CO2 in Cedrela salvadorensis seedlings, grown under similar light conditions as those this species faces in nature. During a period of 135 days, groups of ten seedlings were put under 75, 45, 15 and 3.5 % of full sun exposure obtained with neutral shade cloth, under nursery conditions. A series of biomass allocation variables and detailed gas exchange parameters (photosynthesis response curves to light and to internal carbon concentration) were measured at the end of the growth period in plants of the four treatments. According to the principal component analyses, highest values of gas exchange response were associated with the lower values of biomass allocation traits. These changes can be associated with resource-conservative and resource-acquisitive strategies, where the C. salvadorensis seedlings acclimatize their traits for the exploration and exploitation of light, to high or to dim light environment, respectively. The multivariate analyses also showed that the plants had a high performance at 45 % of light environments. These results suggest that 45 % of light environment was the optimal light habitat of this species at the tested developing stage. Our results have important implications to choose the best natural habitat for a successful establishment of C. salvadorensis. We propose practical considerations for programs of reforestation or reintroduction where this species be involved. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1143-1154. Epub 2016 September 01.

ResumenLa determinación de las condiciones lumínicas favorables por especie y estado de vida es trascendental para las estrategias de conservación ex situ y in situ de especies de árboles en peligro de extinción, y su utilización como plantaciones forestales. Esto se vuelve especialmente importante cuando el material de siembra es escaso. Aquí, nosotros estudiamos las respuestas en asignación de biomasa y en intercambio de gases a luz y CO2 en plántulas de Cedrela salvadorensis crecidas bajo condiciones lumínicas similares a las que esta especie enfrenta en la naturaleza. Durante 135 días, grupos de diez plántulas fueron colocadas bajo condiciones de 75, 45, 15 y 3.5 % de exposición total al sol obtenidas por medio de sarán bajo condiciones de vivero. Una serie de variables de asignación de biomasa y parámetros de intercambio de gases (fotosíntesis según curvas de respuesta a la luz y a la concentración de carbono interno) fueron medidas al final del periodo de crecimiento en las plantas de los cuatro tratamientos. De acuerdo con los análisis de componentes principales, valores altos de respuesta de intercambio de gases están asociados con valores bajos de rasgos de asignación de biomasa. Los cambios observados se encuentran asociados con las estrategias recurso-conservativas y recurso-adquisitivas donde C. salvadorensis aclimata sus rasgos para la exploración y explotación de luz en ambientes con escasa o excesiva radiación lumínica, respectivamente. Los análisis multivariados muestran también que las plantas tienen un alto rendimiento a 45 % de luz ambiental. Estos resultados sugieren que el 45 % de ambiente lumínico es el hábitat lumínico óptimo de esta especie en el estado de desarrollo estudiado. Nuestros resultados tienen importantes implicaciones para escoger el mejor hábitat natural para un exitoso establecimiento de C. salvadorensis. Por esto, proponemos consideraciones prácticas para programas de reforestación y reintroducción donde esta especie estaría involucrada.

Shoot segment and substrate composition in rooting of juvenile ipe-roxo mini-cuttings / Tipo de segmento e composição do substrato no enraizamento de miniestacas juvenis de ipê-roxo

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the rooting capability of apical and nodal mini-cuttings of ipe-roxo ( Handroanthus heptaphyllus ) in different substrates. Shoots produced from mini-stumps were fractioned into mini-cuttings 2-cm long apical or nodal mini-cuttings and treated with 1000 mg L-1 of indolebutyric acid (IBA). Four substrate combinations were evaluated: commercial substrate composed of pine bark and vermiculite in proportions of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 (v /v) and commercial substrate, vermiculite and sand in the proportion of 1:1:1 (v/v). The factorial experiment utilized a completely random design, with five replicates of four mini-cuttings. Rooting, shooting and survival percentage, number and length of shoots and roots were evaluated at 60 and 90 days of growth. Commercial substrate and vermiculite are a good combination for rooting mini-cuttings of ipe-roxo. Apical and nodal mini-cuttings exhibit similar rooting behavior and both are feasible for production of ipe- roxo plantlets.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o enraizamento de miniestacas apicais e nodais de ipê-roxo ( Handroanthus heptaphyllus ) em diferentes substratos. Brotos coletados de minicepas foram seccionados em miniestacas de 2cm de comprimento, classificadas em apical ou nodal e tratadas com 1000mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Foram também testadas as composições de substrato comercial à base de casca de pinus e vermiculita nas proporções de 1:1; 2:1 e 1:2 (v/v) e de substrato comercial, vermiculita e areia grossa (1:1:1 v/v). O experimento foi um fatorial no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições de quatro miniestacas. A porcentagem de enraizamento, de brotação e de sobrevivência, o número e comprimento de brotos e raízes foram avaliados aos 60 e 90 dias. Miniestacas de ipê-roxo cultivadas em substrato comercial e vermiculita apresentam maior capacidade de enraizamento. Miniestacas apicais e nodais apresentam similar comportamento de enraizamento, podendo ambas serem utilizadas para a produção de mudas de ipê-roxo.

Inter-site variation in allometry and wood density of Goupia glabra Aubl. in Amazonia / Variação entre-sítios na alometria e densidade da madeira de Goupia glabra Aubl. na Amazônia

Abstract The present study aims to compare the allometry and wood density of Goupia glabra Aubl. (Goupiaceae) in two different terra-firme sites in Amazonian forest. A total of 65 trees ≥ 10 cm DBH was sampled in both sites, with 39 trees in Nova Olinda do Norte (NOlinda, near the Amazon River) and 29 trees in Apuí (near the southern edge of the Amazon forest). Except for the relationship between DBH (diameter at breast height) and Ht (total height), allometric relationships for G.glabra differed significantly between sites. Apuí had lower intercept and greater slope for log10 (DBH) versus log10 (Hs – stem height), and, conversely, greater intercept and lower slope for log10 (DBH) versus log10 (Ch – crown height). The slope differed significantly between the sites for DBH versus Cd (crown diameter), with greater slope found for NOlinda. Mean basic wood density in Apuí was 8.8% lower than in NOlinda. Our findings highlight the variation in adaptive strategy of G. glabra due to environmental differences between sites. This is probably because of different canopy-understory light gradients, which result in differentiation of resource allocation between vertical and horizontal growth, which, in turn, affects mechanical support related to wood density. We also hypothesize that differences in soil fertility and disturbance regimes between sites may act concomitantly with light.

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar a alometria e a densidade da madeira de Goupia glabra em dois diferentes sítios de floresta de terra firme na Amazonia. Um total de 65 árvores com DAP ≥ 10 cm foi amostrado em ambos os sítios, sendo 39 árvores em Nova Olinda do Norte (NOlinda, próximo ao rio Amazonas) e 29 em Apuí (próximo à borda sul da Amazônia). Exceto para a relação entre o DBH (diâmetro a altura do peito) e a Ht (altura total), as relações alométricas para G. glabra diferiu significativamente entre os sítios. Apuí apresentou menor intercepto e maior inclinação para a relação log10 (DBH) versus log10 (Hs – altura do fuste) e, ao contrário, maior intercepto e menor inclinação para log10 (DBH) versus log10 (Ch – altura da copa). A inclinação diferiu significativamente entre os sítios para DBH versus Cd (diâmetro da copa), com maior inclinação encontrada para NOlinda. A densidade básica média da madeira in Apuí foi 8.8% menor do que em NOlinda. Os resultados deste estudo destacam a variação na estratégia adaptativa de G. glabra devido às diferenças ambientais entre os sítios. Isto é provavelmente consequência dos diferentes gradientes de luz o que resulta na diferenciação na alocação de recursos entre o crescimento vertical e horizontal o que, por sua vez, afeta o suporte mecânico relacionado à densidade da madeira. Nós também levantamos a hipótese de que as diferenças em termos de fertilidade e regimes de distúrbios entre os sítios podem agir concomitantemente com o regime de luz.

Relações entre valor de uso e parâmetros fitossociológicas em duas fitofisionomias de cerrado no município de Uberlândia, MG / Relationships between use value and phytosociological parameters in two cerrado phytophysiognomies in Uberlândia municipality

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre os parâmetros fitossociológicos e o índice de valor de uso para as espécies presentes na comunidade arbóreo-arbustiva em duas fitofisionomias de cerrado no distrito de Miraporanga, município de Uberlândia ­ MG, a fim de se testar a hipótese da aparência ecológica. Para a amostragem da vegetação foi utilizado o método de quadrantes. Posteriormente, elaborou-se uma lista com os nomes populares das espécies encontradas, sendo indagado aos moradores da região através de entrevistas, questões referentes ao conhecimento e utilização das espécies. Foi calculado o índice de valor de uso para todas as espécies conhecidas pelos moradores. As vinte espécies apresentando os maiores índices de valor de uso foram correlacionadas com seus respectivos parâmetros de freqüência, densidade e dominância, tendo sido encontrado uma correlação moderada entre valor de uso e densidade (0,51) e valor de uso e frequência (0,49) para as espécies encontradas no fragmento de cerrado stricto sensu.

In this study our main goal was to analyse the relationship between phytosociological parameters and the use value index for plant species found in two cerrado phytophysiognomies in Miraporanga, a rural section of Uberlândia municipality in Minas Gerais state, in order to test the ecological appearance hypothesis. For vegetation sampling we applied the quadrat method. Afterwards, we created a list containing the vernacular names of all plant species found and then asked Miraporanga dwellers about usage and their knowledge on these plant species. We calculated the use value for all known plant species. The twenty plant species bearing the highest use value indexes were correlated to their frequency, density and dominance parameters. We found a moderate correlation between use value and density (0.51) and use value and frequency (0.49) for species found in cerrado stricto sensu remnant.

Growth and photosynthetic performance of five tree seedlings species in response to natural light regimes from the Central Pacific of Costa Rica / Crecimiento y desempeño fotosintético de cinco plántulas de especies arbóreas en respuesta a regímenes lumínicos naturales del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica

Environmental heterogeneity mostly dominated by differing light regimes affects the expression of phenotypic plasticity, which is important for plant growth and survival, especially in the forest understory. The knowledge about these responses to this heterogeneity is a key factor for forest restoration initiatives. In this study, we determine several phenotypic responses to contrasting light conditions in five native tree seedling species of La Cangreja National Park, Central Pacific of Costa Rica, four of them with threatened or relict populations. After 14 weeks at a medium gap condition (24% of full sun), seedlings were transferred and acclimated for 11 weeks to three different natural light regimes: large gap (LG), medium gap (MG) and small gap (SG), corresponding to 52%, 24%, 9% of the mean direct and indirect radiation at each site from full sun. Growth, biomass allocation and leaf gas exchange were measured after the acclimation period. Four species strongly reduced relative growth rate (RGR) in the lower light condition. Total biomass (TB) and RGR were different in Hymenaea courbaril and Platymiscium curiense. H. courbaril and Astronium graveolens had significant changes in the maximum assimilation rate, with a mean value in the LG of 11.02 and 7.70µmolCO2/m²s, respectively. P. curuense showed the same trend and significant changes in RGR and biomass allocation. Aspidosperma myristicifolium and Plinia puriscalensis showed no adjustments to the light regimes in any of the measured variables. This study remarks the importance of determining the growth and physiological performance of these tree native species. It also demonstrates that the most threatened species are those with the less plastic responses to the light regimes, which stresses the difficult situation of their natural populations. This study highlights an urgent definition of the conservation and restoration needs of the degraded forests of the Costa Rican Central Pacific area, where these species dwell.

La heterogeneidad ambiental dominada mayormente por diferencias en los regímenes lumínicos afecta la expresión de la plasticidad fenotípica, la cual es importante para el crecimiento y la supervivencia de las plantas, especialmente en el sotobosque. Conocer dichas respuestas ante la heterogeneidad es un factor clave para las iniciativas de restauración forestal. En este estudio, determinamos varias respuestas fenotípicas ante condiciones lumínicas contrastantes de cinco especies de plántulas de árboles nativos del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, algunos de ellos con poblaciones amenazadas. El crecimiento, la asignación de biomasa y el intercambio gaseoso a nivel foliar se midieron al final de once semanas de aclimatación en tres regímenes con diferente radiación: claro grande (LG), claro mediano (MG) y claro pequeño (SG) que corresponden al 54, 24 y 9% de la media del factor de radiación indirecta e indirecta en cada sitio a pleno sol, respectivamente. Cuatro especies presentan fuertes disminuciones en la tasa de crecimiento relativo (RGR) en la condición de poca luz. La biomasa total, RGR y la relación raíz/tallo fueron diferentes para todas las especies. Hymenaea courbaril y Astronium graveolens respondieron significativamente en la tasa de asimilación máxima, con un valor promedio en el LG de 11.02 y 7.70µmolCO2/m²s¹ respectivamente. Platymiscium curuense mostró tendencias similares y cambios significativos en la RGR y la asignación de biomasa. Aspidosperma myristicifolium y Plinia puriscalensis mostraron una plasticidad muy baja debido que no expresaron ajustes en ninguna de las variables medidas ante los regímenes de luz. Este estudio resalta la importancia de determinar el crecimiento y el rendimiento fisiológico de estas especies de árboles nativos. También demuestra que las especies más amenazadas son aquellas con las respuestas con menor plasticidad ante los regímenes luz, lo que acentúa la difícil situación de sus poblaciones naturales. Este estudio destaca una urgente definición de las necesidades de conservación y restauración de los bosques degradados de zona del Pacífico Central costarricense, donde estas especies habitan.

Ascorbic Acid Contents From Some Exotic Tree Species Growing in Rajasthan Desert.

Ascorbic acid contents of stems, leaves and fruits from four selected exotic tree species like Colophospermum mopane, Holoptelea integrifolia, Kigelia pinnata and Putranjiva roxburghii have been analysed. Maximum ascorbic acid contents were found in the fruits of Colophospermum mopane (42.10mg/100g.d.w.) while, minimum in the stems of Kigelia plnnata (22.15mg/100g.d.w).

Flavonoid Contents From Some Exotic Tree Species Growing In Rajasthan Desert.

Evaluation of flavonoid contents from four selected exotic tree species like Colophospermum mopane, Holoptelea integrifolia, Kigelia pinnata and Putranjiva roxburghii growing in Rajasthan Desert was carried out. The leaves of selected trees were analysed for flavonoid contents i.e. Quercetin and Kaempferol. Flavonoid contents like Quercetin and Kaempferol were isolated and identified. The maximum total flavonoid contents (17.10mg./gdw) was found in leaves of Putranjiva roxburghii while minimum (9.20mg./gdw) in leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia.

Antimicrobial Screening of Some Exotic Tree Species of Rajasthan Desert.

Antimicrobial screening of ethyl ether and alcoholic extracts of leaves of four selected exotic tree species growing in Rajasthan Desert was carried out. Colophospermum mopane, Holoptelea integrifolia, Kigelia pinnata and Putranjiva roxburghii showed positive reactions against bacterial pathogens i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and a fungal pathogen Candida albicans.

Determination of incoming solar radiation in major tree species in Turkey.

Light requirements and spatial distribution of major forest tree species in Turkey hasn’t been analyzed yet. Continuous surface solar radiation data, especially at mountainous-forested areas, are needed to put forward this relationship between forest tree species and solar radiation. To achieve this, GIS-based modeling of solar radiation is one of the methods used in rangelands to estimate continuous surface solar radiation. Therefore, mean monthly and annual total global solar radiation maps of whole Turkey were computed spatially using GRASS GIS software “r.sun” model under clear-sky (cloudless) conditions. 147498 pure forest stand point-based data were used in the study for calculating mean global solar radiation values of all the major forest tree species of Turkey. Beech had the lowest annual mean total global solar radiation value of 1654.87 kWh m-2, whereas juniper had the highest value of 1928.89 kWh m-2. The rank order of tree species according to the mean monthly and annual total global solar radiation values, using a confidence level of p < 0.05, was as follows: Beech < Spruce < Fir species < Oak species < Scotch pine < Red pine < Cedar < Juniper.The monthly and annual solar radiation values of sites and light requirements of forest trees ranked similarly.

Climate Change Effects on Southern Subtropical and Tropical Tree Species in Ganzhou City, China.

Aims: To confirm climate warming changes that have taken place in Gannan Arboretum and Ganzhou City by the expect success of introduced tropical tree species as a response to climatic warming scenarios. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Study Site and Duration: Survey and observational sites were located in 1) Gannan Arboretum and 2) Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China. The survey and observations of introduced tree species were conducted from October, 2009, to November, 2010. Additional growth records were obtained for a period prior to and including the 1970s to assist in the investigation. Methodology: 1) The meteorological data (1951–2009) record was used to analyse climatic change patterns. 2) Growth and development of introduced tree species were examined to evaluate effects of introduction. 3) Climate zone attributes of introduced tree species were determined in order to establish place of origin. Effects of introduced tree species were coupled with climatic change scenario data to analyze associative relationships. Results: 1) A trend in climate warming has been evident in Ganzhou City since the1950s. Based on metrological records from 1951 to 2009, a steady rise in annual average temperature has occurred in the region, increasing from 0.2ºC to 0.3ºC each 20 year period. This trend has been especially evident by changes to average temperature during the coldest month (January) as well as changes in annual minimum temperatures. 2) According to observations and measurements, 39 introduced tropical tree species have successfully established themselves in the Ganzhou region through natural domestication. Among these, 24 tree species were considered basically successful with normal growth patterns while the remaining 15 species achieved preliminary success. 3) Stem analysis data on the five primary introduced tree species indicate that growth patterns were normal and vigorous, suggesting that these tropical tree species have successfully established themselves. It was therefore determined that the successful northward migration of the 39 tree species investigated was chiefly the result of a climate warming trend taking place in the region.

Composição e similaridade florística entre duas áreas de Floresta Atlântica Montana, São Paulo, Brasil / Floristic composition and similaritie between areas of Montane Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo, Brazil

O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas parcelas de 1 ha de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana do Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Luiz do Paraitinga/SP, Brasil. Além de determinar a estrutura e a composição florística do componente arbóreo de cada parcela, o trabalho teve como objetivo comparar uma área (PLOT N) onde, segundo relatos de antigos moradores da região, houve corte seletivo de madeira até meados da década de 70 do século passado, com outra área (PLOT K) sem histórico de perturbação antrópica recente. As duas parcelas, que distam entre si cerca de 4 km, foram subdivididas em 100 subparcelas de 10 × 10 m e todos os indivíduos com DAP > 4,8 cm foram marcados, mapeados, medidos e identificados. Ao todo foram amostrados 3.503 indivíduos, sendo 2.269 árvores (64,7 por cento), 860 palmeiras (24,5 por cento) e 159 (4,5 por cento) fetos arborescentes, distribuídos em 265 espécies e 51 famílias. O restante dos indivíduos (215) estava morto. Dentre as famílias mais abundantes (Arecaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Cyatheaceae), Monimiaceae é a única considerada típica da fitofisionomia Montana da Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica. Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) é a espécie dominante no PLOT K (pristina), onde foram registrados 1.852 indivíduos, distribuídos em 189 espécies e 43 famílias, sendo Myrtaceae (48), Lauraceae (26) e Monimiaceae (13) as que apresentaram a maior diversidade de espécies. É importante mencionar que moitas de bambu nativo (Merostachys neesii Ruprecht, Poaceae) estão presentes em 93 das 100 subparcelas desse plot, totalizando 3.813 colmos. Em contraste, no PLOT N, em que Euterpe edulis também é a espécie dominante, mas os bambus não estão tão presentes, foram identificados 1.436 indivíduos, distribuídos em 149 espécies e 40 famílias, com destaque para Myrtaceae (27), Lauraceae (15) e Fabaceae (oito) em termos de número de espécies. Na área de floresta secundária (PLOT N) o índice de diversidade de Shannon (H' = 4,05 ) e o índice de equidade (J ' = 0,8) são mais altos do que os valores encontrados na área que não sofreu corte seletivo (PLOT K) onde H' = 3,72 nats.ind-1 e J' = 0,7. No entanto, a estimativa do número máximo de espécies esperado no ponto de rarefação do PLOT N (IC por cento 95-158,54) se sobrepõe parcialmente à estimativa do número mínimo de espécies do PLOT K (95 por cento - 157,12), mostrando que o número de espécies de ambas as áreas se equivaleriam em 1420 indivíduos. Embora a maior árvore amostrada tenha sido encontrada no PLOT K, no qual os estratos da floresta são mais evidentes, não há diferença significativa entre as somas de área basal de indivíduos vivos das duas parcelas. Considerando o histórico de perturbação da região, os resultados sugerem que a recuperação da estrutura da floresta pode ocorrer dentro de 25 anos, mas, como mostrado pelo número total de espécies e pelo índice H' do PLOT K, este período é insuficiente para recuperação da diversidade de espécies arbóreas características da Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica antiga.

The study was conducted in two areas of Montana Atlantic Rainforest at Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil. The aim was to investigate structural and floristic composition of each area and the differences between them, knowing that one has not been disturbed recently and the other was subjected to selective logging until 1970, as reported by local people. We installed two 1 ha (PLOT K and PLOT N), approximately 4 km away from each other, and within this plots all individuals with DBH > 4.8 cm were recorded. Considering the two plots we sampled 3,503 individuals (2,269 trees - 64.7 percent; 860 palms - 24.5 percent; and 159 ferns - 4.5 percent), distributed in 265 species and 51 families. The rest (215 individuals) was dead. Among the most abundant families (Arecaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Cyatheaceae) Monimiaceae is the only one classified as typical of the Montane Ombrophylus Dense Atlantic Forest. Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) is the dominant species in PLOT K (old), where we recorded 1,852 individuals, 189 species and 43 families, with Myrtaceae (48), Lauraceae (26) and Monimiaceae (13) presenting the higher number of species. It is important to mention that clumps of a native bamboo (Merostachys neesii Ruprecht, Poaceae) are present in 93 of the 100 subparcels of PLOT K, summing up 3,813 culms. In contrast, in PLOT N (secondary) where palm heart (Euterpe edulis) is also the dominant species but bamboos are not so conspicuous, we recorded 1436 individuals, 149 species and 40 families, with Myrtaceae (27), Lauraceae (15) and Fabaceae (eight) being the ones with higher number of species. In the plot of secondary forest (N) Shannon's diversity index (H' = 4.05 ) and the eveness index (J ' = 0.8) are higher than those recorded in the old plot of forest (K) where H' = 3,72 nats.ind-1 and J' = 0.7. Plots K and N have a low similarity (Jaccard index C J = 0,3), with only 94 species (34,47 percent) in common, and 102 (38,5 percent) occurring exclusively in PLOT K. However, the maximum estimate of species expected at the point of rarefaction of PLOT N (IC 95 percent - 158.54) overlaps with the minimum estimate of species at the same point of PLOT K (95 percent - 157.12), showing that the number of species of both areas would be equivalent in the number of 1,420 individuals. Although the largest tree sampled was found in PLOT K, where forest stratification is more evident, there is no significant difference between the sums of basal area of living individuals. Considering the disturbance history of the region, the results suggest that forest structure recovery may occur within 25 years but, as shown by the total number of species and by the diversity parameters determined, species richness does not recover within this time frame.

Prospeção de inibidores de serinoproteinases em folhas de leguminosas arbóreas da floresta Amazônica / Prospecting serine proteinase inhibitors in leaves from leguminous trees of the Amazon forest

Os inibidores de proteinases são proteínas extensivamente investigadas nos tecidos de estocagem, mas pouco prospectadas em outros tecidos vegetais. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de inibidores de serinoproteinases em extratos foliares de quinze espécies de leguminosas arbóreas da Amazônia. As espécies estudadas foram: Caesalpinia echinata, C. ferrea, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Copaifera multijuga, Dinizia excelsa, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, E. maximum, E. schomburgkii, Leucaena leucocephala, Ormosia paraensis, Parkia multijuga, P. pendula, P. platycephala, Swartzia corrugata e S. polyphylla. Folhas foram coletadas, secas a 30ºC durante 48 h, trituradas e submetidas à extração com NaCl (0,15 M, 10 por cento p/v) resultando no extrato total. Ensaios foram executados para determinar a concentração de proteínas e detectar a atividade inibitória contra a tripsina e quimotripsina bovina. Os teores de proteínas bruta e solúvel nos extratos foliares variaram de 7,9 a 31,2 por cento e 1,3 a 14,8 por cento, respectivamente. A atividade inibitória sobre a tripsina e quimotripsina foi observada em todos os extratos foliares. Contudo, nos extratos de E. maximum, L. leucocephala, P. pendula, S. corrugata e S. polyphylla a inibição foi maior sobre a tripsina, enquanto o extrato de P. multijuga foi mais efetivo contra a quimotripsina. Nós concluímos que nos extratos foliares de leguminosas arbóreas têm inibidores de serinoproteinases e exibem potencial aplicações biotecnológicas.

The proteinase inhibitors are proteins extensively investigated in tissue storage, but few prospected in other plant tissues. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of serine proteinase inhibitors in leaf extracts from fifteen species of leguminous trees of the Amazon forest. The species studied were Caesalpinia echinata, C. ferrea, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Copaifera multijuga, Dinizia excelsa, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, E. maximum, E. schomburgkii, Leucaena leucocephala, Ormosia paraensis, Parkia multijuga, P. pendula, P. platycephala, Swartzia corrugata and S. polyphylla. Leaves were collected, dried at 30ºC for 48 h, crushed and subjected to extraction with NaCl (0.15 M, 10 percent w/v), resulting in the total extract. Tests were performed to determine the concentration of proteins and to detect of inhibitory activity against bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin. The content of crude and soluble protein in leaf extracts varied from 7.9 to 31.2 percent and 1.3 to 14.8 percent, respectively. The inhibitory activity on trypsin and chymotrypsin was observed in all leaf extracts. However, in extracts of E. maximum, L. leucocephala, P. pendula, S. corrugata and S. polyphylla, the inhibition was greater on trypsin, while extract of P. multijuga was more effective against chymotrypsin. We conclude that leaf extracts of leguminous trees have serine proteinase inhibitors and show potential biotecnological applications.

Role of bioinoculants and organic fertilizers in fodder production and quality of leguminous tree species.

The comparative effect of dual inoculation of native N fixer (Rhizobium) and AM fungi consortia with different organic fertilizers (vermicompost and farm yard manure) on fodder production and quality of two leguminous tree species (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de. Wit. and Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.) in silvopastoral system and their impact on the fodder production of un-inoculated Panicum maximum Jacq. under cut and carry system. After three years of plantation maximum tree survival was in L. leucocephala in all the treatments in comparison to S. sesban while fodder production was more in S. sesban for initial two years and in third year it accelerated in L. leucocephala. Dual inoculation with vermicompost significantly improved fodder production, fodder quality and rhizosphere microflora in L. leucocephala but in S. sesban dual inoculation was at par with single inoculation of N fixer, AM fungi and control (without inoculation). The grass production was higher with L. leucocephala for two years while in third year it was more with S. sesban. The association of Rhizobium with AM fungi in L. leucocephala was better than in S. sesban.

Effects of soil water table regime on tree community species richness and structure of alluvial forest fragments in Southeast Brazil / Efeitos da flutuação do nível freático sobre a riqueza e estrutura de comunidades arbóreas de fragmentos de floresta aluvial na região sudeste do Brasil

In order to determine the influence of soil water table fluctuation on tree species richness and structure of alluvial forest fragments, 24 plots were allocated in a point bar forest and 30 plots in five forest fragments located in a floodplain, in the municipality of São Sebastião da Bela Vista, Southeast Brazil, totalizing 54, 10 X 20 m, plots. The information recorded in each plot were the soil water table level, diameter at breast height (dbh), total height and botanical identity off all trees with dbh > 5 cm. The water table fluctuation was assessed through 1 m deep observation wells in each plot. Correlations analysis indicated that sites with shallower water table in the flooding plains had a low number of tree species and high tree density. Although the water table in the point bar remained below the wells during the study period, low tree species richness was observed. There are other events taking place within the point bar forest that assume a high ecological importance, such as the intensive water velocity during flooding and sedimentation processes.

Com o propósito de avaliar a influência da flutuação do nível freático do solo sobre a riqueza de espécies arbóreas e a estrutura de fragmentos florestais aluviais, foram alocadas 24 parcelas em um dique marginal de floresta ciliar e 30 parcelas em cinco fragmentos localizados na planície de inundação no Município de São Sebastião da Bela Vista, na região sudeste do Brasil, totalizando 54 parcelas de 10 X 20 m. As informações coletadas em cada parcela foram: altura do nível freático do solo, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), altura total e identificação botânica de todas as árvores com DAP > 5 cm. A flutuação do nível freático foi avaliada por meio de um poço de observação enterrado a uma profundidade de 1 m em cada parcela. Análises de correlação indicaram que, na planície de inundação, os locais com o nível freático do solo mais superficial possuíram menor número de espécies arbóreas e maior densidade de árvores. Apesar do dique marginal da floresta ciliar apresentar o nível freático no solo abaixo de 1 m de profundidade durante o período de estudo, nesse local foi observada baixa diversidade de espécies arbóreas. No dique marginal existem outros eventos com maior importância ecológica que podem explicar a baixa diversidade, tais como a velocidade do rio mais intensa durante enchentes e o processo de sedimentação.